We thank all reviewers for their constructive comments and address the raised issues below. As described in Secion 3.2 of the manuscript, we introduce the The source code, as mentioned on L141, will be made available to the public. R1: Why the adaptive flow filtering is a better way of reducing artifacts? Our method could be seen as a learnable median filter in spirit. Although the quantitative improvement from the adaptive flow filtering (ada.) is small, this component is important in generating results with higher visual quality SepConv has originally been trained on high-quality videos with large motion.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images often suffer from noise contamination, which degrades image quality and affects further analysis. This research presents a complete approach to estimate their Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and noise variance (NV), and enhance image quality using NV-guided Wiener filter. The main idea of this study is to use a good SNR estimation technique and infuse a machine learning model to estimate NV of the SEM image, which then guides the wiener filter to remove the noise, providing a more robust and accurate SEM image filtering pipeline. First, we investigate five different SNR estimation techniques, namely Nearest Neighbourhood (NN) method, First-Order Linear Interpolation (FOL) method, Nearest Neighbourhood with First-Order Linear Interpolation (NN+FOL) method, Non-Linear Least Squares Regression (NLLSR) method, and Linear Least Squares Regression (LSR) method. It is shown that LSR method to perform better than the rest. Then, Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) are tested by pairing it with LSR. In this test, the Optimizable GPR model shows the highest accuracy and it stands as the most effective solution for NV estimation. Combining these results lead to the proposed Adaptive Optimizable Gaussian Process Regression Linear Least Squares Regression (AO-GPRLLSR) Filtering pipeline. The AO-GPRLLSR method generated an estimated noise variance which served as input to NV-guided Wiener filter for improving the quality of SEM images. The proposed method is shown to achieve notable success in estimating SNR and NV of SEM images and leads to lower Mean Squared Error (MSE) after the filtering process.

Images captured from the real world are often affected by different types of noise, which can significantly impact the performance of Computer Vision systems and the quality of visual data. This study presents a novel approach for defect detection in casting product noisy images, specifically focusing on submersible pump impellers. The methodology involves utilizing deep learning models such as VGG16, InceptionV3, and other models in both the spatial and frequency domains to identify noise types and defect status. The research process begins with preprocessing images, followed by applying denoising techniques tailored to specific noise categories. The goal is to enhance the accuracy and robustness of defect detection by integrating noise detection and denoising into the classification pipeline. The study achieved remarkable results using VGG16 for noise type classification in the frequency domain, achieving an accuracy of over 99%. Removal of salt and pepper noise resulted in an average SSIM of 87.9, while Gaussian noise removal had an average SSIM of 64.0, and periodic noise removal yielded an average SSIM of 81.6. This comprehensive approach showcases the effectiveness of the deep AutoEncoder model and median filter, for denoising strategies in real-world industrial applications. Finally, our study reports significant improvements in binary classification accuracy for defect detection compared to previous methods. For the VGG16 classifier, accuracy increased from 94.6% to 97.0%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed noise detection and denoising approach. Similarly, for the InceptionV3 classifier, accuracy improved from 84.7% to 90.0%, further validating the benefits of integrating noise analysis into the classification pipeline.

Human Activity Recognition is a subject of great research today and has its applications in remote healthcare, activity tracking of the elderly or the disables, calories burnt tracking etc. In our project, we have created an Android application that recognizes the daily human activities and calculate the calories burnt in real time. We first captured labeled triaxial acceleration readings for different daily human activities from the smartphone's embedded accelerometer. These readings were preprocessed using a median filter. 42 features were extracted using various methods. We then tested various machine learning algorithms along with dimensionality reduction. Finally, in our Android application, we used the machine learning algorithm and a subset of features that provided maximum accuracy and minimum model building time. This is used for real-time activity recognition and calculation of calories burnt using a formula based on Metabolic Equivalent.

Noise is inevitably common in digital images, leading to visual image deterioration. Therefore, a suitable filtering method is required to lessen the noise while preserving the image features (edges, corners, etc.). This paper presents the efficient type-2 fuzzy weighted mean filter with an adaptive threshold to remove the SAP noise. The present filter has two primary steps: The first stage categorizes images as lightly, medium, and heavily corrupted based on an adaptive threshold by comparing the M-ALD of processed pixels with the upper and lower MF of the type-2 fuzzy identifier. The second stage eliminates corrupted pixels by computing the appropriate weight using GMF with the mean and variance of the uncorrupted pixels in the filter window. Simulation results vividly show that the obtained denoised images preserve image features, i.e., edges, corners, and other sharp structures, compared with different filtering methods.

Time series data is widely used in various fields, such as finance, economics, and engineering. One of the key challenges when working with time series data is detecting level shifts. A level shift occurs when the time series' mean and/or variance changes abruptly. These shifts can significantly impact the analysis and forecasting of the time series and must be detected and handled properly. One popular method for detecting level shifts is using an Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) time series model.

Highlights: Today you can find countless numbers of photo editing applications on the internet that allows you to transform your images into cartoons on the internet. This pretty cool effect became extremely popular on social media over the past few years. That is why we decided to teach you how to use OpenCV to create your application that can transform an image into a cartoon. To do that we will be working with digital image processing (filters) edges detection algorithms, and color quantization methods. So, let's begin with our post.

In this article we look at an interesting data problem – making decisions about the algorithms used for image segmentation, or separating one qualitatively different part of an image from another. Example code for this article may be found at the Kite Github repository. We have provided tips on how to use the code throughout. As our example, we work through the process of differentiating vascular tissue in images, produced by Knife-edge Scanning Microscopy (KESM). While this may seem like a specialized use-case, there are far-reaching implications, especially regarding preparatory steps for statistical analysis and machine learning.

Highlights: We will give an overview of the most common types of noise that is present in images. We will show how we can generate these types of noise and add them to clean images. Then, we will show how we can filter these images using a simple median filter. In this post, we will assume that we "know" how the noise looks like in our experiments and then it will be easier for us to find an optimal way how to remove that noise. Different kind of imaging systems might give us different noise.